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Explaining Cointegration Analysis: Part 1

Abstract:
'Classical' econometric theory assumes that observed data come from a stationary process, where means and variances are constant over time. Graphs of economic time series, and the historical record of economic forecasting, reveal the invalidity of such an assumption. Consequently, we discuss the importance of stationarity for empirical modeling and inference; describe the effects of incorrectly assuming stationarity; explain the basic concepts of non-stationarity; note some sources of non-stationarity; formulate a class of non-stationary processes (autoregressions with unit roots) that seem empirically relevant for analyzing economic time series; and show when an analysis can be transformed by means of differencing and cointegrating combinations so stationarity becomes a reasonable assumption. We then describe how to test for unit roots and cointegration. Monte Carlo simulations and empirical examples illustrate the analysis.

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Energy Specializations: Petroleum – Markets and Prices for Crude Oil and Products; Energy Modeling – Energy Data, Modeling, and Policy Analysis

JEL Codes: C58: Financial Econometrics, C52: Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection, Q54: Climate; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Global Warming, Q56: Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

Keywords: Cointegration, empirical modeling, gasoline prices

DOI: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol21-No1-1

Published in Volume21, Number 1 of the bi-monthly journal of the IAEE's Energy Economics Education Foundation.

 

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